Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with the core features of:
- Inattention (difficulty maintaining attention)
- Hyperactivity (excessive energy and activity)
- Impulsivity (difficulty controlling impulses)
It is thought to result from a combination of factors:
- Genetic (there is significant heritability)
- Pregnancy-related factors (e.g., maternal smoking, premature birth and low birth weight)
- Environmental factors
The symptoms start in childhood and should be consistent across settings. For example, if the child displays symptoms only at school but is calm and focused at home, this may suggest an environmental effect rather than an underlying diagnosis.
Features
All the features of ADHD can be part of a normal spectrum of behaviour. When many of these features are present and are adversely affecting the person, ADHD may be considered. Symptoms include:
- Short attention span
- Easily distracted
- Quickly moving from one activity to another
- Quickly losing interest in a task
- Inability to persist with and complete tasks
- Constantly moving or fidgeting
- Impulsive behaviour
- Difficulty managing time
Management
A specialist will make the diagnosis after a detailed assessment.
Managing strategies for parents include:
- A positive approach
- Structured routines
- Clear boundaries
- Plenty of physical activity
Medication is an option for moderate to severe ADHD. Medication should be initiated and monitored by a specialist.
Examples of central nervous system stimulants used to treat ADHD include:
- Methylphenidate (usually first-line)
- Lisdexamfetamine
- Dexamfetamine
Examples of non-stimulant medications, used where stimulants are not suitable or ineffective, include:
- Atomoxetine (selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
- Guanfacine (alpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonist)
Medication monitoring requirements include heart rate, blood pressure, height, weight, appetite and mood changes.
Last updated February 2026
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